{"id":3827,"date":"2021-03-08T15:05:50","date_gmt":"2021-03-08T13:05:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/4vultures.org\/?page_id=3827"},"modified":"2025-05-05T15:43:43","modified_gmt":"2025-05-05T12:43:43","slug":"griffon-vulture-france","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/4vultures.org\/es\/our-work\/reintroduction-and-restocking\/griffon-vulture-france\/","title":{"rendered":"Griffon Vulture to France"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3827\" class=\"elementor elementor-3827\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b6c31b4 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"b6c31b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-056f94a\" data-id=\"056f94a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0ece00 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b0ece00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInDown&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Griffon Vulture France<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4aa99df elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4aa99df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The first-ever successful reintroduction project of big raptors \u2014 the return of the Griffon Vulture to France<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-981344c ee-breadcrumbs-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-ee-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"981344c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ee-breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"ee-breadcrumbs\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/BreadcrumbList\"><\/ul>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2790b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2790b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d0789e8\" data-id=\"d0789e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b218cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b218cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0\u00a9 Bruno Berthemy<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f77d2c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f77d2c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c142d9d\" data-id=\"c142d9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c4a8f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2c4a8f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In the 1960s, the Griffon Vulture in France was on the brink of extinction with only about sixty individuals remaining in the far west of the French Pyrenees. The leading causes for their decline included reduced food availability, shooting and indirect poisoning. France has been the place where the first-ever reintroduction programme of big raptors took place \u2014 it began at the end of sixties and concerned the Griffon Vulture in the region of the Grands Causses. This project became an experiment upon which most of the following initiatives took example, including the California Condor Recovery Programme. This resulted in a progressing stable population of Griffon Vultures there and several other programmes in the country. Consequently and in order to boost the species in the country, Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux (LPO) initiated conservation programmes with a focus on food support in the Pyrenees, Herault or Ard\u00e8che and additional reintroduction actions in Dr\u00f4me proven\u00e7ale and the Verdon Gorges.<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-56e6cdc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"56e6cdc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-40b0ff1\" data-id=\"40b0ff1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0be534 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b0be534\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">IMPROVING FOOD AVAILABILITY<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43fb9d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43fb9d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ahead of the releases of Griffon Vulture to France, it was important to reverse the sharp decline of vultures in the country. To help do so, the first measure was the establishment of the first \u2018vulture restaurants\u2019 in the 1960s in the French Pyrenees to provide enough and safe food to vultures that were poison-free.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-339a418\" data-id=\"339a418\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf73e57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf73e57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"928\" height=\"616\" src=\"https:\/\/4vultures.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/DSC1197-928x616-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4510\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/4vultures.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/DSC1197-928x616-1.jpg 928w, https:\/\/4vultures.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/DSC1197-928x616-1-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/4vultures.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/DSC1197-928x616-1-768x510.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 928px) 100vw, 928px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">\u00a9 Bruno Berthemy<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2d922cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2d922cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a7dc9c9\" data-id=\"a7dc9c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20a6395 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"20a6395\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>All together, national partners \u2013 LPO Grands Causses, Parc national de C\u00e9vennes, Vautours en Baronnies and LPO PACA \u2013 released almost 350 Griffon Vultures across five different sites in France. For Massif-central, between 1981-1986, 61 birds were released in Grands Causses and between 1993-1997, 50 birds in Navacelles, between 1996 \u2013 2001, 61 birds in Baronies, between 1999-2007, 80 birds in Vercors and between 1999 \u2013 2004, 91 birds in Verdon. Thanks to these actions, the national distribution of Griffon Vultures is almost reconstituted as it existed in the early 20th century. Since then, these numbers have been consolidated, and new colonies are emerging, including in the Aude. Today, there are nearly 2,500 Griffon Vulture pairs spread from the Pyrenees to the Southern Alps and the southern part of the Massif Central.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccd4109 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ccd4109\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-96e724c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"96e724c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7d1b51a\" data-id=\"7d1b51a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-194053e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"194053e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">RELEASING HUNDREDS OF GRIFFON VULTURES<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a46ee9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a46ee9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Between 1981 and 2007, French organizations released almost 350 Griffon Vultures across five different sites in France \u2014 Massif-central, Grands Causses, Navacelles, Baronies and Verdon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ca5089\" data-id=\"7ca5089\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9603058 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9603058\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"928\" height=\"621\" src=\"https:\/\/4vultures.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/DSC1408-928x621-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4511\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/4vultures.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/DSC1408-928x621-1.jpg 928w, https:\/\/4vultures.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/DSC1408-928x621-1-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/4vultures.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/DSC1408-928x621-1-768x514.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 928px) 100vw, 928px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">\u00a9 Bruno Berthemy<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-412555e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"412555e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1f65284\" data-id=\"1f65284\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9865698 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9865698\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As it is the case for the other European vulture species, the primary role of the Vulture Conservation Foundation (VCF) is to improve the coordination of the national and international actions for the conservation of the Griffon Vulture. It uses French partners\u2019 expertise among others to help the implementation of new projects such as in Bulgaria, Italy and the Balkans, especially concerning the management of food resources and the link with farmers. The VCF actively participates in the Annual meeting of the \u201cGroupe Vautour France\u201d that gathers together all the French partners for the conservation of vultures. The VCF\u2019s input in terms of funding, scientific research orientations and threats management is also essential. Finally, provides material such as GPS tags to different programs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-762f39e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"762f39e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dafd669 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"dafd669\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-698f339\" data-id=\"698f339\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667785a elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-brands\" data-id=\"667785a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-brands.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-brands jet-elements\"><div class=\"brands-wrap\">\n\t<div class=\"brands-list col-row\"><div class=\"brands-list__item\"><a class=\"brands-list__item-link\" href=\"#\"><div class=\"brands-list__item-img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/4vultures.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/LPO-logo-394x139-2.png\" alt=\"LPO logo\" class=\"brands-list__item-img\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"brands-list__item\"><a class=\"brands-list__item-link\" href=\"#\"><div class=\"brands-list__item-img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/4vultures.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Vautours-en-Baronnies-logo.png\" alt=\"Vautours-en-Baronnies-logo\" class=\"brands-list__item-img\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"brands-list__item\"><a class=\"brands-list__item-link\" href=\"#\"><div class=\"brands-list__item-img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/4vultures.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Parc-National-des-Cevennes-logo.jpg\" alt=\"Parc-National-des-Cevennes-logo\" class=\"brands-list__item-img\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"brands-list__item\"><a class=\"brands-list__item-link\" href=\"#\"><div class=\"brands-list__item-img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/4vultures.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/VCF.LOGO_.Green_-394x138-2.png\" alt=\"VULTURE CONSERVATION FOUNDATION VCF LOGO\" class=\"brands-list__item-img\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9218781 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9218781\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eb4c87d\" data-id=\"eb4c87d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-775b761 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"775b761\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Griffon Vulture France The first-ever successful reintroduction project of big raptors \u2014 the return of the Griffon Vulture to France \u00a0\u00a9 Bruno Berthemy In the 1960s, the Griffon Vulture in France was on the brink of extinction with only about sixty individuals remaining in the far west of the French Pyrenees. 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